A five year survey of the universe is now underway that uses the world’s most powerful digital camera – the Dark Energy Camera – to try and better understand forces called dark energy.
For hundreds of nights over the next five years, researchers taking part in the Dark Energy Survey (DES) aim to find out why the expansion of the universe is accelerating instead of slowing down due to gravity, and to probe the mystery of dark energy, the force believed to be causing that acceleration.
Scientists on the survey team, working from an observatory in Chile, will systematically map one-eighth of the sky (5,000 square degrees) in unprecedented detail.
The start of the survey is the culmination of ten years of planning, building, and testing by scientists from 25 institutions in six countries, including the Universities of Cambridge, Edinburgh, Nottingham, Portsmouth, Sussex and University College London in the UK.
‘We know dark energy exists,’ said Dr David Bacon, a member of DES at the University of Portsmouth, ‘but that’s about it. How this substance changes with time and location remains unclear, but we’ll have a better view after DES.’
The main tool of the survey is the Dark Energy Camera, a 570-megapixel digital camera built at Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois, and mounted on the 4-metre Victor M. Blanco telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in the Andes Mountains in Chile.
The camera is comprised of 74 CCDs constructed specifically to be sensitive to redshifted light in the long-wavelength red and infrared from distant galaxies and stars. The camera has a 2.2 degree field of view, which is so large that a single image will record data from an area of the sky 20 times the size of the moon as seen from Earth.
The camera includes five precisely shaped lenses, the largest being almost 1 metre in diameter, designed and fabricated at University College London (UCL) and funded by STFC. ‘Making these lenses has been the biggest challenge of my career,’ commented Dr Peter Doel who led the UCL team making the lenses. ‘I had a few sleepless nights worrying about dropping them as they cost over a million pounds to produce!’
The Dark Energy Camera is the most powerful survey instrument of its kind. The digital camera itself is more than 70 times as powerful as a smart phone camera and the lenses being used allow it to see light from more than 100,000 galaxies up to 8 billion light years away.
Over the next 5 years, DES will use the camera to obtain colour images of 300 million galaxies and 100,000 galaxy clusters and will discover 4,000 new supernovae, many of which were formed when the universe was half its current size.
The survey’s observations will not directly see dark energy, but by studying the expansion rate of the universe and how quickly structures grow scientists can infer the properties of dark energy to greater precision than ever before.
‘It's a cosmic detective story,’ said Dr Kathy Romer of the University of Sussex, who has helped marshal the 40 UK scientists including many students who will run the camera and telescope in the coming months. ‘We collect as much evidence as we can, and then have to design the most likely story that explains the facts.’
A key part of this experiment will be the fact that DES uses four complementary methods to probe dark energy; counting clusters of galaxies, distances to supernovae, the bending of light via gravitational lensing, and the patterns in the distribution of galaxies on the sky. ‘The combination of these probes will be critical and is the special ingredient of DES,’ said Professor Richard McMahon at the University of Cambridge and a long-term member of DES. ‘They will either agree, giving us confidence in our results, or possibly disagree which could be a sign of new physics.’
Professor Ofer Lahav of UCL and head of the DES Science Committee added: ‘One of the most challenging goals for DES is to tell if what causes the acceleration of the universe is indeed dark energy, or something entirely different.’
‘Five years sounds like a long time,’ said David Bacon, ‘but considering we’ve only known about Dark Energy for 15 years, it’s exciting that we’ll get some answers soon about this enigmatic substance.’
The Dark Energy Survey is supported by funding from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), the US Department of Energy Office of Science; the National Science Foundation; funding agencies in Spain, Brazil, Germany and Switzerland; and the participating institutions.
